Lingua Latina

Formatting For Pedagogy

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  <title>Latin Text with Didactical Embellishments</title>
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    .feminine { background-color: pink; }
    .neuter { background-color: grey; }
    .plural { font-weight: bold; }
    /* Verbs */
    .present { background-color: lightgreen; }
    .perfect { background-color: yellow; }
    .imperfect { background-color: orange; }
    .future { background-color: cyan; }
    .future-perfect { background-color: lightblue; }
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Nouns

Dictionary Form Principal Parts

nominative case
genitive case - indicates declension and (possible) stem change
gender
best approximation of meaning

First Declension

Case	Sing.	Plural
Nominative	-a	-ae
Genitive	-ae	-ārum
Dative	-ae	-īs
Accusative	-am	-ās
Ablative	-ā	-īs

Second Declension

Case	Sing.	Plural
Nominative	-us/-er	-ī/-rī
Genitive	-ī	-ōrum
Dative	-ō	-īs
Accusative	-um	-ōs
Ablative	-ō	-īs

Third Declension

Case	Sing.	Plural
Nominative	???	-ēs
Genitive	-is	-um
Dative	-ī	-ibus
Accusative	-em	-ēs
Ablative	-e	-ibus

Fourth Declension

Case	Sing.	Plural
Nominative	???	-
Genitive	-	-
Dative	-	-
Accusative	-	-
Ablative	-	-

Cases

Nominative Genitive Dative Accusative Ablative Instrumental Locative

Verbs

Dictionary Form Principal Parts

present tense, active voice, indicative mood, first-person singular - indicates if an -iō verb
present infinitive - indicates conjugation - indicates conjugation set
perfect tense, active voice, indicative mood, first-person singular - indicates perfect system stems
perfect passive participle or alternatively supine (-um) -

Future Tense

First Conjugation

Find stem by dropping -re from second principal part. Add future tense indicator.

	Future Ending
first person singular	-bō
second person singular	-bis
third person singular	-bit
first person plural	-bimus
second person plural	-bitis
third person plural	-bunt

Second Conjugation

Same as first conjugation’s future

	Future Ending
first person singular	-bō
second person singular	-bis
third person singular	-bit
first person plural	-bimus
second person plural	-bitis
third person plural	-bunt

Third Conjugation

Find stem by dropping -ō from first principal part. Works with third conjugation -iō verbs too. Same as fourth conjugation’s future.

	Future Ending
first person singular	-am
second person singular	-ēs
third person singular	-et
first person plural	-ēmus
second person plural	-ētis
third person plural	-ent

Fourth Conjugation

Find stem by dropping -ō from first principal part. Same as third conjugation’s future.

	Future Ending
first person singular	-am
second person singular	-ēs
third person singular	-et
first person plural	-ēmus
second person plural	-ētis
third person plural	-ent

Pluperfect Tense

Roughly translated, stuff like "I had eaten." "We had prepared." It indicates something done before something else. It’s "thoroughly done" (per-fect) and the plu is like "plus", emphasizing the completion before a subsequent situation. So "We prepared" is perfect tense and definitely happened, but "We had prepared (before the attack and could therefore repel the barbarians)."

Applies to all conjugations. Find stem by dropping -ī from third (perfect) principal part. Add the pluperfect tense indicator: -era- Then add personal ending. A * indicates it may need -erā-.

	Pluperfect Ending
first person singular	-m
second person singular	-s *
third person singular	-t
first person plural	-mus *
second person plural	-tis *
third person plural	-nt

Future Perfect Tense

Roughly translated, "When the grain will arrive, we will have already starved." It indicates something that will be completed in the past of the future. The key rough equivalent in English is the phrase "will have". Note that in the sample sentence, I left the first phrase awkward for English. We’d really say "When the grain arrives, …" but Latin sticks to its guns about future actions needing future tenses.

Applies to all conjugations. Find stem by dropping -ī from third (perfect) principal part. Add the future perfect tense indicator: -eri-

	Pluperfect Ending
first person singular	-ō
second person singular	-s
third person singular	-t
first person plural	-mus
second person plural	-tis
third person plural	-nt

Sum

First Person

sum	sumus	Present (I am, we are)
eram	erāmus	Imperfect (I was, you were)
fuī	fuimus	Perfect
erō	erimus	Future (I will be, we will be)

Second Person

es	estis	Present
erās	erāstis	Imperfect (you have been, you all have been)
fuistī	fuistis	Perfect
eris	eritis	Future (you will be, you (pl) will be)

Third Person

est	sunt	Present (he/she/it is, they are)
erat	erant	Imperfect (he/she/it was, they were)
fuit	fuērunt	Perfect
erit	erunt	Future (he/she/it will be, they will be)

Note that if the sum verb comes first it can change the meaning.

"Canis est" translates to "It is a dog." answering "what is it?" However "Est canis" means "There is a dog." answering "what will we encounter?"

A compound verb of "necesse est" can mean "it is necessary", or in English something like "$subject has to do this" or "$subject must do this"

Other Irregular Verbs

Possum is conjugated much like Sum. It is a contraction of "potis" (able) and sum. Add "pot" to the sum forms making adjustments like removing the f’s an changing "pot"'s t to an s before an s form (like sum to possum). The infinitive is posse for no special reason.

volō, velle, voluī - to be willing, want

This verb volo (think volunteer) expresses strongly willingness and less strongly desire.

First Person

volō	volumus	Present
volēbam	volēbāmus	Imperfect
volam	volēmus	Future

Second Person

vis	vultis	Present
volēbās	volēbātis	Imperfect
volēs	volētis	Future

Third Person

vult	volunt	Present
volēbat	volēbant	Imperfect
volet	volent	Future

Another verb that is very similar is nōlo which is basically a negation of volo, or unwillingness, e.g. "I don’t want to…"

Dictionary

Adjectives

Usually follow nouns except when involving size or quantity. So for example, multi is often first.

arduus, ardua, arduum - harsh, difficult, arduous
cupidus, cupida, cupidum - lustful, desirous, eager
iūcundus, iūcunda, iūcundum - happy, content
iustus, iusta, iustum - just, fair, lawful
madidus, madida, madidum - drunk
mīrus, mīra, mīrum - amazing, wonderful, miraculous (admirable)
reliquus, reliqua, reliquum - remaining, left behind
sacer, sacra, sacrum - sacred, holy
scelestus, scelesta, scelestum - evil, wicked
stultus, stulta, stultum - stupid, foolish
suus, sua, suum - his, her, its/their
tālīs, tāle - such, such of a kind (Tāles canes sunt magni. Such dogs are big.)
tantus, tanta, tantum - so big, so great
tot - so many
tranquillus, tranquilla, tranquillum - still, quiet, tranquil
tūtus, tūta, tūtum - safe
vērus, vēra, vērum - true, real

Verbs

adiuvō, adiuvāre, adiūvī, adiūtum - help
aedificō, … - build
ago, agere, egi, actum - do work, make, build, go, deal with
amō, amāre, amāvī amātum - love
aperiō, aperīre, aperuī, apertum - to open, uncover
appāreō, appārēre, appāruī, appāritum - appear
appello, … - to call (by name)
appropinquō - approach (dative or "ad"+accusitive for destination)
arbitror - think
arcessō, arcrere, arcessīvī, arcessītum - summon
audio - hear
caedō, caedere, cecīdī, caesum - cut
canō, canere, cecinī, cantum - sing
capiō, capere, cēpī, captum - take, catch
cēlō, … - hide
cōgō, cōgere, coēgī, coactum - compel, force, drive
cognoscō - learn, be acquainted with
combūrō, combere, combussī, combustum - burn up
conficiō, conficere, confēct, confectum - finish, complete, accomplish
conspiciō, conspicere, conspexī, conspectum - see
construō, construere, construxī, constructum - build, construct, set up
crēdō, crēdere, crēdidī, crēdītum - believe
decet, decēre, decuit, … - it is right/correct, should
dēleō, delēre, dēlēvī, dēlētum - destroy, delete
dēmonstrō - ѕhow, demonstrate
dīcō - say, tell
discō, discere, didicī - learn
dō, dare, dedī, datum - give
doceō, docēre, docuī, doctum - teach
faciō, facere, fēcī, factum - make, do
festīnō - hurry
errō - wander, err, be wrong
emō, emere, ēmī, emptum - buy
eō, īre, iī, itum - go (redeō = go back, adeō = go towards)
efficiō, efficere, effēcī, effectum - effect (like effector), bring about
explicō - explain
ferō, ferre, tulī, lātum - carry, bring, bear
feriō, ferīre, … - hit/strike, kill, rest from work, be idle, celebrate a holiday
fugiō, fugere, fūgī, … - run away, flee
gerō, gerere, gessī, gestum - carry out, manage, accomplish, endure, prosecute war, wear (clothes, armor etc)
habeo, habere, habui, habitum - have, contain, own, hold
iacio, iacere, ieci, iactum - throw
īciō, īcere, īcī, īctum - strike
imperō - order
incipiō, incipere, incēpī, inceptum - begin
intellegō, intellegere, intellexī, intellectum - understand
interficiō, interficere, interfēcī, interfectum - kill
iubeō, iubēre, iussī, iussum - order
lateō, latēre, latuī, - be hidden, (latent)
laudō, … - praise
licet, licēre, … - to be allowed
metuo, metere, metuī, metūtum - fear
mūtō - change, mutate
narrō - tell, narrate
natō, … - swim
necō - kill
negō - deny
nuntiō - announce
opto, optāre, optavi, optatum - choose, select
oportet, oportēre, oportuit, … - to be proper, should, ought
ōrō - beg, ask, plead (oration)
ostendō - show
paenitet, paenitēre, paenituit, … - (impersonal verb) causes regret, makes one feel sorry
pereō, perīre, periī, peritum - die, perish
pernoctō, … - spend the night, overnight
perveniō, pervenīre, pervēnt, perventum - arrive
piget, pigēre, piguit, … - (impersonal verb) annoys, irritates
placet, placēre, placuit, … - (often impersonal) to be pleasing
pōnō, pōnere, posuī, positum - put
portō, portāre, portāvī, portātum - carry
possum, posse, potuī - to be able, irregular, contraction of potis + sum
pudet, pudēre, puduit, … - (imersonal verb) it causes shame
pugnō, … - fight
putō - think
rapīo, rapere, rapui, raptum - grab, drag away, pillage, destroy
referō, referre, rettulī,relātum - bring/carry something back, retrieve, repay, report (relatrix/-or aureus = golden retriever?)
regō, regere, rēxī, rēctus - direct, rule/govern, guide, manage
respondeō, respondēre, respondī, responsum - answer, respond
rogō, rogāre, rogavi, rogatum - ask, beg
sapiō, sapere, sapīvī - know, be wise
sciō, scīre, scīvī, scītum - know (also note nesciō, to not know, be ignorant)
scrībō - write
sentīo,sentīre, sensī, sensum - feel, perceive, sense
servo, servāre, servavi, … - save, keep, guard, protect
serviō, servīre, servīvī, servītum - to be a slave
sinō, sinere, sīvī, situm - allow, endure
spectō, - watch
spērō - hope
stō, stāre, stetī, statum - stand, stay
sum, esse, fuī, futūrus - be
superō, … - overcome, conquer, overtake
supersum, superesse, superfuī, superfutūrus - survive, remain
taedet, taedēre - (impersonal verb) to bore or be tedious to
taceō, tacēre, tacuī, tacitum - be quiet
teneō, tenēre, tenuī, tentum - hold
texō, texere, texuī, textum - weave
veniō, venīre, vēnī, ventum - come
vendō, vendere, vendidī, venditum - sell
vetō, vetāre, vetuī, vetitum - forbid
video - see
vocō, … - call, summon
volō, velle, voluī - to be willing, want

Adverbs

bene - well
continuō - immediately, without delay
crās - tomorrow
difficile - with difficulty
dīligenter - carefully, diligently
diū - for a long time
etiam - still, yet, even, also
facile - easily
fertur - it is said
frustrā - in vain, frustrated
heri - yesterday
hīc - here
hodiē - today (you can think "hoc die", this day)
iam - now, already
ibi - there
ita - like this, in this way, thus
libenter - gladly
magnopere - greatly
multum - a lot, much
nimis - too, very much, exceedingly
nōn - not
numquam - never
nunc - now, this point in time
parum - little, not much, not enough
plane - plainly, obviously
procul - at a distance, far
quam ob rem - for this reason
saepe - often
saltem - at least
semper - always
subitō - suddenly
tam - so (to such a degree) e.g. so big, so happy
tandem - finally, at last
tunc - then, at that time
ubique - everywhere
umquam - ever (see numquam=never)
utinam - if only…, it’d be great if…
valdē - very, strongly

Pronouns (Or Kind Of Like Pronouns)

First person…

Nominative	ego	nōs
genitive	meī	nostrī
dative	mihi	nōbīs
accusative	mē	nōs
ablative	mē	nōbīs

Second person…

Nominative	tu	vōs
genitive	tuī	vostrī
dative	tibi	vōbīs
accusative	tē	vōs
ablative	tē	vōbīs

illius - of that person
illō - that
illud - that
quid - what

These are actually demonstrative adjectives (like "this" and "that" in English) for "he". * hic - he (guy near me/speaker) * iste - he (guy over near you/listener) * ille - he (guy over somewhere else away from speaker and listener) * is - he ( guy we were just talking about) * ipse - he (emphasized as in "only him" or "he himself")

Here is the full breakdown on hic, haec, hoc - this:

Singluar

Case	M	F	N
Nominative	hic	haec	hoc
genitive	huius	huius	huius
dative	huic	huic	huic
accusative	hunc	hanc	hoc
ablative	hōc	hāc	hōc

Plural

Case	M	F	N
Nominative	hī	hae	haec
genitive	hōrum	hārum	hōrum
dative	hīs	hīs	hīs
accusative	hōs	hās	haec
ablative	hīs	hīs	hīs

ille, illa, illud is a common form of that. It can mean the former of two things. It can have a positive connotation as in "that famous gladiator" being simply "ille gladiator".

Singluar

Case	M	F	N
Nominative	ille	illa	illud
genitive	illius	illius	illius
dative	illī	illī	illī
accusative	illum	illam	illud
ablative	illō	illā	illō

Plural

Case	M	F	N
Nominative	illī	illae	illa
genitive	illōrum	illārum	illōrum
dative	illīs	illīs	illīs
accusative	illōs	illās	illa
ablative	illīs	illīs	illīs

Note that this patter holds for another kind of "that": iste, ista, istud. This rare form used to be for something near the speaker, but it morphed into a connotation of something the speaker didn’t like.

is, ea, id is a common pronoun/adjective which can be translated as "this" or "that" but it really is a reference to "the noun we were just talking about". "Bodicia et Vercingetorix barbari sunt. Ea Iceni est." So in that sentence, it means "female that one" as opposed to Vercingetorix who is male. Otherwise one of these is Iceni, but you wouldn’t know which one.

Singluar

Case	M	F	N
Nominative	is	ea	id
genitive	eius	eius	eius
dative	eī	eī	eī
accusative	eum	eam	id
ablative	eō	eā	eō

Plural

Case	M	F	N
Nominative	ei	eae	ea
genitive	eōrum	eōrum	eōrum
dative	eīs	eīs	eīs
accusative	eōs	eās	ea
ablative	eīs	eīs	eīs

Conjunctions

aut - or, 1 or 0, true or false, mutually exclusive (see vel)
autem - however, moreover
cum - when (joining indicative clause); when, since, because (subjunctive)
dum - while
enim - because, since, "you see,"
etsī - even if
itaque - and so, therefore
nam - because, since
nē - not, lest
quamquam - although, even though
si - if
tamen - nevertheless, yet, anyway
ut - when (joining indicative clause); in order that, with the result that (subjunctive)
vel - or, "a PIN like 3251 or 8394" implies other possibilities

Nouns

certāmen, certāminis - competition type of race, contest, struggle
cibus, cibī - food
conspectus, conspectūs, … - view
dōnum, dōnī - gift
fābula, fābulae - story
fātum, fāti - fate, destiny, misfortune
flūmen, flūminis - river
forma, formae - shape, image
fūnis, fūnēs - rope
incendium, incendī - fire
insidiae, insidārum - trick, trap, ambush
lītus, lītoris - shore, beach - though like English not river banks which use riparius, see also ōra, ōrae = shore
lūdus, lūdī - game, play, school
mōs, mōris - custom, characteristic; in plural - morals, character
pānis, pānis - bread (interesting that it’s plural, like English is the same as singular)
vātēs, vātis - priest, prophet, poet, seer
vir - man (short i - don’t confuse with vīs/vīrēs meaning force)
vīs - force, strength (irr.! sing: dat/abl=vī, acc=vim, gen=vis; plural: nom=vīrēs, gen=vīrium, dat/abl=vīribus, acc=vīrēs)